1/55. Infantile HIV encephalopathy associated with cerebral and cerebellar telangiectases.We describe a paediatric case of HIV encephalopathy associated with cerebral and cerebellar telangiectases. Although immunohistochemistry failed to show HIV in the walls of dilated blood vessels, or in their vicinity, brain capillary telangiectases might be an additional complication indirectly related to paediatric HIV infection.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = encephalopathy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/55. Unusual presentation and course of hiv-1 progressive encephalopathy.The present report concerns a vertically human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-infected 7-year-old child, in whom a neurodegenerative disease occurred after an acute neurologic disorder that was in all likelihood symptomatic of hiv-1 encephalitis. At the steady state the neurologic disease fulfilled the accepted criteria of HIV-related progressive encephalopathy of childhood and was characterized by involvement of multiple neural systems and subcortical dementia. The neurologic disease displayed, however, atypical presentation and course, and its acute focal onset led the authors to postulate an acute and direct involvement of the brain in hiv-1 infection. The correlation between the cliniconeuroradiologic data and levels of HIV-rna in the cerebrospinal fluid and the response to different antiretroviral treatments are also discussed.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = encephalopathy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/55. HIV infection and seizures.New-onset seizures are frequent manifestations of central nervous system disorders in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). seizures are more common in advanced stages of the disease, although they may occur early in the course of illness. In the majority of patients, seizures are of the generalised type. status epilepticus is also frequent. Associated metabolic abnormalities increase the risk for status epilepticus. Cerebral mass lesions, cryptococcal meningitis, and HIV-encephalopathy are common causes of seizures. phenytoin is the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsant in this situation, although several patients may experience hypersensitivity reactions. The prognosis of seizure disorders in HIV-infected patients depends upon the underlying cause.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.2keywords = encephalopathy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/55. Regression of HIV-associated progressive encephalopathy of childhood during HAART.HIV-associated progressive encephalopathy of childhood is characterized by impaired brain growth, decline in cognitive and neurobehavioral performances, and progressive motoric dysfunction The diagnosis is based on neurological examination, neuropsychological assessment and cerebral CT or MR imaging. While the importance of early use of antiretroviral combination therapy has been emphasized, limited data exist as to the effect of protease inhibitors in children with HIV-associated encephalopathy. We describe the effect of 3-drug antiretroviral combination therapy, including the protease inhibitor nelfinavir, in a 7-y-old girl with vertically acquired HIV infection and late onset progressive encephalopathy.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1.4keywords = encephalopathy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/55. Regression of attained milestones in an HIV infected infant.We report a case of an 18-month-old child with regression of attained developmental milestones as a manifestation of HIV encephalopathy. This is the first such report in Indian literature. Commencing antiretroviral therapy in this child resulted in arrest of further regression of milestones. This alerts pediatricians to be aware that early developmental delay and regression may be a presenting manifestation of HIV infection in a child.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.2keywords = encephalopathy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/55. Clinics in diagnostic imaging (75). HIV encephalopathy and cerebral aneurysmal arteriopathy.A six-year-old girl with vertically-transmitted HIV infection had hyperreflexia. MR imaging showed diffuse prominence of the subarachnoid spaces and ventricles caused by HIV encephalopathy. Fusiform dilatation of the supraclinoid segment of the right internal carotid artery was also noted. MR angiography confirmed cerebral aneurysmal arteriopathy. Imaging findings of the various cerebral manifestations and complications found in children with AIDS coming from the primary effects of HIV, opportunistic infections, tumours, and vascular disease are discussed.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = encephalopathy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/55. The clinicopathological spectrum of Rosenthal fibre encephalopathy and Alexander's disease: a case report and review of the literature.Alexander's disease is a leucodystrophy that usually presents in early childhood, but can infrequently arise in adults. It is characterised pathologically by megalencephaly, demyelination, and the presence of numerous Rosenthal fibres. Most cases have been shown to be due to mutations in the gene encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein. In rare instances, numerous Rosenthal fibres have been found at autopsy in patients who have suffered protracted debilitating systemic illnesses, some with associated brain stem signs, and in very rare instances in patients with no apparent neurological abnormality. The term "Rosenthal fibre encephalopathy" is used to distinguish these cases from those of Alexander's disease. We report the first case of Rosenthal fibre encephalopathy in a young man with AIDS, and review the literature.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1.2keywords = encephalopathy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/55. Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy with unusual inflammatory response during antiretroviral treatment.A case of biopsy verified progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) in an HIV patient is presented. Imaging and histological examination confirmed remarkable inflammatory activity accompanied by an unusually benign clinical course despite no clear evidence of immune reconstitution after the start of antiretroviral treatment. This case not only raises several questions regarding the pathophysiology of PML, but gives also evidence that AIDS associated inflammatory PML must be considered another clinical entity in the expanding range of diseases now commonly referred to as the immune reconstitution syndrome.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = encephalopathy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/55. Relapsing and remitting human immunodeficiency virus-associated leukoencephalomyelopathy.We describe a 33-year-old homosexual man with a steroid-responsive, remitting and relapsing leukoencephalopathy associated with recent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) seroconversion. biopsy of a parieto-occipital lesion revealed demyelination and astrogliosis with focal necrosis. Detailed investigations demonstrated no pathogens in the brain other than hiv-1. This patient illustrates that a neurological disorder clinically indistinguishable from multiple sclerosis may be the presenting manifestation of hiv-1 infection and may occur in the absence of clinically significant immunosuppression.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.2keywords = encephalopathy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/55. Rhythmic cortical myoclonus in a case of HIV-related encephalopathy.We describe a 66-year-old, HIV-seropositive patient presenting with ataxia and upper limb rhythmic myoclonus activated by postural maintenance. Electromyograph (EMG) recordings of the forearm muscles showed 50-msec bursts, with a frequency of 10 Hz, concurring with frontocentral electroencephalograph (EEG) rhythmic activity. Autoregressive spectral analysis applied to the EEG-EMG traces made it possible to detect significant coherence between the rhythmic EEG discharges and EMG bursts. The amplitude of the middle-latency somatosensory evoked potentials was increased. Long-latency reflexes were enhanced. On the basis of the electrophysiological findings, the movement disorder should be considered a rhythmic variant of cortical myoclonus. In our patient, HIV infection may have caused a dysfunction in the central nervous system pathways involving the cerebellum and sensorimotor cortex, similar to that occurring in genetically determined conditions characterised by cortical myoclonus.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.8keywords = encephalopathy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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