1/31. Disseminated cutaneous protothecosis in an immunocompromised host: a case report and literature review.Protothecosis is an infection caused by achloric algae of the genus prototheca. These organisms have been isolated from water, sewage, soil, and the slime flux of trees, and are a known cause of disease in other mammals. infection in humans occurs after traumatic inoculation, producing localized olecranon bursal or, rarely, systemic disease. Only two previous cases of disseminated cutaneous disease have been reported in patients with defective neutrophil function. We describe a rare case of widespread cutaneous dissemination occurring after an arthropod bite in an immunocompromised patient.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/31. Catfish spine envenomation: a case report and literature review.Catfish spine envenomations are common injuries, reported in both freshwater and saltwater. Such injuries are complex puncture wounds, often complicated by severe infection. signs and symptoms range from simple local pain and bleeding to systemic manifestations with hemodynamic compromise. Care and treatment involve aggressive pain management, judicious wound cleansing, prophylactic antibiotics, and close follow-up. A case of catfish spine envenomation from a freshwater catfish is presented here.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 3keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/31. Australian bat lyssavirus infection: a second human case, with a long incubation period.In December 1998, a 37-year-old queensland woman died from a rabies-like illness, 27 months after being bitten by a flying fox (fruit bat). Molecular techniques enabled diagnosis of infection with Australian bat lyssavirus (ABL), the second human case to be recognised and the first to be acquired from a flying fox. It must be assumed that any bat in australia could transmit ABL; anyone bitten or scratched by a bat should immediately wash the wounds thoroughly with soap and water and promptly seek medical advice.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/31. Mucocutaneous junctional and flexural paresthesias caused by the holoplanktonic trachymedusa Liriope tetraphylla.Multiple stages of Liriope tetraphylla caused paresthesias leading to chafing and excoriations in swimmers along the Southern Uruguayan and Northern Argentinean Atlantic coasts. These episodes appear seasonally in the summer and affect groups of bathers in shallow water (1-3 m).- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/31. Pathologic features of fatal shark attacks.To examine the pattern of injuries in cases of fatal shark attack in South Australian waters, the authors examined the files of their institution for all cases of shark attack in which full autopsies had been performed over the past 25 years, from 1974 to 1998. Of the seven deaths attributed to shark attack during this period, full autopsies were performed in only two cases. In the remaining five cases, bodies either had not been found or were incomplete. Case 1 was a 27-year-old male surfer who had been attacked by a shark. At autopsy, the main areas of injury involved the right thigh, which displayed characteristic teeth marks, extensive soft tissue damage, and incision of the femoral artery. There were also incised wounds of the right wrist. Bony injury was minimal, and no shark teeth were recovered. Case 2 was a 26-year-old male diver who had been attacked by a shark. At autopsy, the main areas of injury involved the left thigh and lower leg, which displayed characteristic teeth marks, extensive soft tissue damage, and incised wounds of the femoral artery and vein. There was also soft tissue trauma to the left wrist, with transection of the radial artery and vein. Bony injury was minimal, and no shark teeth were recovered. In both cases, death resulted from exsanguination following a similar pattern of soft tissue and vascular damage to a leg and arm. This type of injury is in keeping with predator attack from underneath or behind, with the most severe injuries involving one leg. Less severe injuries to the arms may have occurred during the ensuing struggle. Reconstruction of the damaged limb in case 2 by sewing together skin, soft tissue, and muscle bundles not only revealed that no soft tissue was missing but also gave a clearer picture of the pattern of teeth marks, direction of the attack, and species of predator.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/31. rabies in israel: decades of prevention and a human case.Animal rabies is endemic in israel, with 50-80 laboratory-confirmed cases being diagnosed annually. Despite the high incidence among animals, human rabies has not occurred in israel for almost four decades. This is likely due to the highly effective prevention policy implemented by the Ministry of health, based on pre-exposure vaccination of populations at risk, post-exposure treatment, and updated rules. Notwithstanding the previous success, a human case occurred in 1996 when a soldier was bitten, while asleep, by an unidentified small animal, which according to his description was a rat or a mouse. Since injuries by these rodents do not require antirabies treatment, no antirabies post-exposure prophylaxis was administered. Five weeks later the soldier complained of fever and nausea with interchanging periods of rage and calm, confusion, and water aversion. His condition deteriorated gradually, leading to deep coma and death. Immunofluorescence examination of a skin biopsy was positive for rabies, and PCR of saliva revealed lyssavirus genotype 1. We review the changes in the epizootiology of rabies in israel, the trends of human exposure to animals, and the pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines, and discuss possible measures that could have been undertaken to prevent the eventuality of this case. This case of rabies, the first after a long period without human disease, accentuates the importance of strict adherence to prevention guidelines. Considerations of geography, epidemiology, and the circumstances of exposure are crucial in the treatment decision-making process.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/31. Envenomation by a benthic hydrozoa (cnidaria): the case of Nemalecium lighti (Haleciidae).A case of envenomation caused by the Nemalecium lighti is described. The hydrozoan species lives in many kinds of substrates, being quite common in tropical shallow water. The patient, a marine biologist, had contact with the animal in two different opportunities while snorkeling. Both contacts produced erythematous and highly pruriginous papules in exposed areas of the body. The signs and symptoms persisted for a week and healed without sequellae.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/31. Fatal envenomation by jellyfish causing Irukandji syndrome.We report the first of two recent deaths from Irukandji syndrome. A 58-year-old male tourist was stung on the face and chest by an unidentified jellyfish in shallow water off the Whitsunday islands, queensland. He developed muscle cramps, sweating, anxiety, nausea and hypertension, and died 30 hours later from intracerebral haemorrhage.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/31. Envenomation by Trachinus draco in the eastern Mediterranean.Injuries caused by weever fish ( spp) are probably more ubiquitous than reported. Such injuries are extremely painful and require prompt treatment. Only relatively few clinical descriptions of envenomation have been published. We present three patients with envenomation and describe their treatment. Two patients were fishermen injured while handling caught fish and one was a tourist wading into the sea for pleasure. The clinical picture was dominated by extreme pain, which responded partly to the application of warm water, and usually necessitated systemic opiates for adequate control. Follow-up in one of the patients indicated prolonged, slow recovery of the local inflammatory reaction. Prompt analgesia is the mainstay of treatment of this non-lethal but extremely painful envenomation, with the application of hot water being effective, although not always completely.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/31. Lionfish envenomation.Lionfish (Pterois volitans) are venomous fish most often found as aquarium pets throughout the united states. Lionfish envenomations frequently occur on the upper extremities, with pain as the predominant symptom. Immersing the injured part in warm (45 degrees C) water is considered the first and foremost important treatment as it is reported to relieve pain and inactivate the venom. Other methods of analgesia are discussed. We present a case of lionfish envenomation that failed to respond to warm water immersion.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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