1/32. Isolation and characterization of a salmonella enterica serotype Typhi variant and its clinical and public health implications.We report the isolation and characterization of a member of the family enterobacteriaceae isolated from the gallbladder pus of a food handler. Conventional biochemical tests suggested salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, but the isolate agglutinated with poly(O), 2O, 9O, and Vi Salmonella antisera but not with poly(H) or any individual H Salmonella antisera. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that there were two base differences between the isolate and salmonella enterica serotype Montevideo, four base differences between the isolate and serotype Typhi, five base differences between the isolate and salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, and six base differences between the isolate and salmonella enterica serotype Dublin, indicating that the isolate was a strain of S. enterica. Electron microscopy confirmed that the isolate was aflagellated. The flagellin gene sequence of the isolate was 100% identical to that of the H1-d flagellin gene of serotype Typhi. Sequencing of the rfbE gene, which encoded the CDP-tyvelose epimerase of the isolate, showed that there was a point mutation at position 694 (G-->T), leading to an amino acid substitution (Gly-->Cys). This may have resulted in a protein of reduced catalytic activity and hence the presence of both 2O and 9O antigens. We therefore concluded that the isolate was a variant of serotype Typhi. Besides antibiotic therapy and cholecystectomy, removal of all stones in the biliary tree was performed for eradication of the carrier state.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = gallbladder (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/32. Biliary giardiasis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus.A 41-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) (CD4 count, 446/mm3) developed a protracted course of abdominal pain, weight loss, and increasing liver function tests after undergoing a metronidazole treatment regimen for Giardia enteritis. Three months later, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) showed dilated common and intrahepatic bile ducts and luminal irregularities of the common bile duct. Seven months after the onset of his acute diarrhea, a repeat ERCP with aspiration demonstrated many Giardia trophozoites and cysts in the bile and continued structural abnormalities consistent with cholangiopathy. A 10-day course of high-dose intravenous metronidazole did not resolve these signs or symptoms. A gallbladder ultrasound showed a thickened wall. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy led to resolution of abdominal pain and normalization of serum alkaline phosphatase over an 8-month period. gallbladder histopathology revealed chronic cholecystitis, but no parasites were seen on hematoxylin and eosin staining or with Giardia antigen enzyme immunoassay testing of the gallbladder. The patient refused to undergo a follow-up ERCP, but a right upper quadrant ultrasound and computed tomography of the abdomen were normal.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = gallbladder (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/32. Combined percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage with port implantation for management of patients with malignant biliary obstruction.BACKGROUND: Endoscopic biliary stent insertion has become a standard palliative treatment for patients with obstructive jaundice caused by malignancies of the hepatobiliary system or metastases of other tumors, such as pancreatic or gastric cancer. Unfortunately, bacterial colonization and encrustation frequently leads to occlusion of plastic stents and, consequently, recurrent cholangitis. methods: An external-internal Yamakawa-type endoprosthesis was modified and combined with a titanium, subcutaneously implanted port. This technique was evaluated as a new approach to prolongation of stent patency and prevention of cholangitis. Two patients with obstructive jaundice, one with recurrent gastric carcinoma and the other with invasive gallbladder cancer, underwent treatment with this new method. RESULTS: Effective biliary drainage was established and cholangitis was prevented in both patients for 6 and 2 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A new method of percutaneous transhepatic drainage combined with port implantation was effective and safe in two patients. This technique may be a reasonable treatment option for selected patients, but further evaluation in a larger series is required to establish efficacy and safety.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = gallbladder (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/32. mirizzi syndrome with cholecystocholedochal fistula: preoperative diagnosis and management.Gallstone obstruction of the cystic duct with resulting repeated attacks of inflammation and pressure necrosis leads to the formation of cholecystocholedochal fistulas (mirizzi syndrome type II). Obstructive jaundice and cholangitis are the common presentations of the condition. These fistulas are often not recognized before operation and constitute a high risk of damage to the common duct during a formal cholecystectomy. A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose the condition. We report five patients with cholecystocholedochal fistulas diagnosed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography that delineated the fistula and the obstructing stone. The plan of management was formulated before surgery, and persistent attempt to dissect the Calot's triangle was avoided. In three patients the common duct defect was closed with the use of a gallbladder flap. Hepaticojejunostomy was required for the two difficult cases with large common duct defects and inflamed tissue.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = gallbladder (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/32. rupture of a pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm into the common bile duct resulting in fatal suppurative cholangitis: report of a case.A 73-year-old man with a preoperative diagnosis of cholangitis underwent a laparotomy, which revealed a necrotized gallbladder and dilated common bile duct, both filled with foul-smelling clotted blood. We could not find the cause of hemobilia at this time. On postoperative day (POD) 11, an exsanguinating hemorrhage suddenly began pouring from the T-tube, suggesting the possibility of a ruptured gastroduodenal artery branch aneurysm into the biliary system. Immediate angiography confirmed multiple aneurysms of the gastroduodenal artery. Embolization was done and there was no further bleeding from the T-tube; however, the patient's condition was too critical for recovery and he died on POD 17. At autopsy, we found multiple aneurysms in the gastroduodenal artery. The posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, diverging from one of the aneurysms of the gastroduodenal artery, formed another tiny aneurysm subjacent to the common bile duct wall. rupture of this aneurysm into the biliary system caused fatal acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = gallbladder (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/32. Recurrent cholangitis associated with biliary sludge and Phrygian cap anomaly diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography despite normal ultrasound and computed tomography.A 31-year-old woman presented with a one and half years' history of intermittent right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain, high fever and severely painful, warm and reddish swollen skin lesions on the fingers. Acute attack resolution occurred within 2 weeks after treatment with non-specific antibiotics. Low-grade fever (around 37.5 degrees C) and less painful swellings continued for 6 months after each attack. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scans did not show any abnormality during the attacks. biopsy of the skin lesions after the second attack revealed lymphocytic vasculitis. All laboratory studies including rheumatologic serology panel were normal. One month after the complete resolution of the second attack, the patient was observed to have high fever, the same skin lesions on the fingers as at the initial stage, nausea and marked abdominal pain in the RUQ. Routine laboratory studies including complete blood count, liver function tests and serum amylase and lipase levels were normal. An abdominal CT scan revealed a slight thickening of the gallbladder wall (3.9 mm). Two weeks later, abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) were performed because of persistent abdominal pain. They revealed both biliary tract and pancreatic gland alterations consistent with past cholangitis and pancreatitis with coexisting Phrygian cap anomaly and biliary sludge on the neck of the gallbladder.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = gallbladder (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/32. Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder stenting for recurrent acute acalculous cholecystitis after failed endoscopic attempt.Endoscopic gallbladder stenting is useful palliative therapy for acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients. Although the success rate of endoscopic gallbladder stenting is 79%-100%, an alternative method has not been reported. We succeeded in employing a method for percutaneous gallbladder stenting (PTGS) and herein describe this new method. A patient with acute acalculous cholecystitis related to ischemic atherosclerotic vascular disease, cholangitis due to Lemmel syndrome, and severe congestive heart failure underwent PTGS through the cystic duct from the gallbladder to the duodenal papilla, because an endoscopic method failed in the treatment of Lemmel syndrome. Because we were unable to place endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage, percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) was performed and both the cholecystitis and cholangitis ceased. PTGS was performed as an alternative to endoscopic gallbladder stenting. Access to the cystic duct and gallbladder was obtained by the PTGBD route, using a guidewire (0.035-inch diameter) and seeking catheter (6.5 Fr) under fluoroscopic control. A 7-Fr 12-cm double-pigtail biliary polyethylene stent was placed. The patient remained asymptomatic for 3 months after the PTGS until he died, of an acute recurrent myocardial infarction. This new PTGS placement is an alternative treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease in patients with increased operative risk when the endoscopic method is unsuccessful.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 13keywords = gallbladder (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/32. Kawasaki disease manifesting with acute cholangitis. A case report.A 3-year-old boy, who developed the signs and symptoms characteristic of Kawasaki disease, is described. The child also had an 8 cm tender hepatomegaly. Hydrops of the gallbladder could not be shown. Liver biopsy showed marked infiltration of inflammatory cells, including neutrophil and eosinophil leucocytes in the portal tracts involving the periphery of the portal arteries and veins, and acute inflammation of the bile ducts with neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration of the walls. Overt cholangitis has been described only once before in Kawasaki disease, when a viral agent was suggested as being important in the pathogenesis. Although the clinical and laboratory findings in cases of Kawasaki disease clearly suggest an acute infection--as they did in this case--no aetiological agent has yet been incriminated. The possibility of a drug-induced auto-allergic or hypersensitivity state is considered. Evidence for such a state includes a history of drug administration, pathological findings similar to peri-arteritis nodosa--a condition often associated with a hypersensitivity state--the presence of eosinophils in the lesions and a response to treatment with aspirin, a drug known to ameliorate hypersensitivity states.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = gallbladder (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/32. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Problems in interpretation.The patient who presents with jaundice, regardless of the etiology, cannot be adequately examined by a gallbladder series and intravenous cholangiography. Clinical evaluation aided by laboratory analysis will not always differentiate between primary liver parenchymal disease and biliary tract obstruction. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, when successfully performed, answers the question of whether the jaundice is due to primary liver parenchymal disease or due to biliary tract obstruction. The point to emphasize is that under no circumstances is it appropriate to presume any information if the biliary system is not entered and visualized successfully. The proper interpretation of the level of block can fall prey to the mistake of incomplete aspiration of the thick, inspissated bile in the obstructed biliary tree before injection of contrast material. The problem will be worsened by a peripheral entrance into the biliary system rather than a more central one. Gastrointestinal series should always be available to aid in identifying pathology at the entrace of the common bile duct into the duodenum. Lastly, identifying the etiology at the site of the block will require additional procedures. Selective visceral angiography has contributed greatly in this area. During the 20 years of clinical usage of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, we feel it has become the single examination capable of preventing unnecessary exploration of the jaundiced patient with primary liver parenchymal disease and the most useful potential source of practical information if laparotomy is necessary to correct biliary tract obstruction.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = gallbladder (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/32. Chronic rejection and extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction 8 years after orthotopic liver transplantation using the gallbladder-conduit technique.A case of delayed biliary obstruction and cholangitis, occurring in the setting of chronic allograft rejection, 8 years after liver transplantation using the gallbladder-conduit, is presented. Extrahepatic biliary obstruction may be seen in the late follow-up of liver grafting and rejection phenomena may play a significant role in the development of such obstruction.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 5keywords = gallbladder (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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