1/8. Dental fluorosis associated with hereditary diabetes insipidus.Among the characteristics of hereditary pituitary diabetes insipidus are polydipsia and polyuria from early infancy. Drinking of large amounts of water, even with lower than accepted fluoride content, can produce fluorosis of the teeth. A mother and her four children affected by this disorder presented different degrees of fluorosis directly related to the stage at which hormonal therapy was introduced.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/8. Brick tea fluoride as a main source of adult fluorosis.An epidemiological survey was conducted in Naqu County, tibet in September 2001 to investigate the manifestations of fluorosis in adults caused by the habitual consumption of brick tea. Profiles were obtained for the total daily fluoride intake, environmental fluoride levels and average urinary fluoride concentration, and a physical examination and a skeletal radiographic study were conducted. One hundred and eleven 30-78-year-old adults were enrolled. It was found that the fluoride level of water sources in Naqu County was 0.10 /-0.03 mg/l; no evidence of fluoride air pollution was found, but the brick tea water processed foods--zamba and buttered tea--had fluoride contents of 4.52 /-0.74 mg/kg and 3.21 /-0.65 mg/l, respectively. The adult daily fluoride intake reached 12 mg, of which 99% originated from the brick tea-containing foods. The positive rate of clinical symptoms by physical examination was 89%; furthermore, 42 of the 111 subjects were diagnosed by X-ray. The positive examination rate was 83%. Although the osteosclerosis-type skeletal fluorosis (overall increased bone matrix density) affected 74%, arthropathy and arthritis affected a significant number of the patients, resulting in functional disability. The results suggest that this brick tea-type fluorosis had even more severe adverse effects on human health compared with both the water-type and coal combustion-type fluorosis that occurred in other areas of china.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 3keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/8. Contribution of trona (magadi) into excessive fluorosis--a case study in Maji ya Chai ward, northern tanzania.Excessive fluoride ingestion predominantly comes from drinking water sources. However, prevalence and severity of dental and skeletal fluorosis in northern tanzania have been reported to be higher than would be expected from ingestion of fluoride through drinking water alone. This study aimed at investigating the contribution of "trona" (also locally known as magadi) a food additive, to the prevalence and severity of fluorosis in northern tanzania. The study was carried out in four villages (Embaseni, Kitefu and Ngurdoto) in Maji ya Chai ward; and Nkoanekoli in Poli ward, in Arusha region, tanzania. Analysis of fluoride concentrations was carried out in drinking water sources as well as in magadi samples. Assessment of the prevalence of dental fluorosis using Dean's Index Method was carried out for a population of 2217 pupils in four primary schools located in the case study area. Fluoride concentration in drinking water sources was found to range from 1.7 to 11.3 mg/l, while the concentration in magadi samples in case study villages were in the range of 0.21 to 0.9 mg/g. Total fluoride ingestion through magadi and water were established to be 11.74 mg/person/day in Embaseni, 36.1 mg/person/day in Ngurdoto, 10.88 mg/person/day in Kitefu and 5.7 mg/person/day in Nkoanekoli villages. Levels of total fluoride ingestion were directly correlated with Community Fluorosis Index (CFI) values, which were found to be 3.32 (in Embaseni), 3.67 (in Ngurdoto), 2.2 (in Kitefu) and 1.47 (in Nkoanekoli). The village with the highest fluoride consumption rate showed the highest CFI as well. High levels of fluoride concentrations in magadi suggest that excessive fluorosis in northern tanzania may be due to the use of magadi in food preparations.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 5keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/8. Skeletal and dental fluorosis: two case reports.Two case reports from a high fluoride (10 ppm) rural community. They presented with severe degrees of dental fluorosis, hyper-sensitivity of teeth and skeletal fluorosis all arising from the ingestion of high amount of fluoride in water over a long period of time. Both cases had deformities of the upper and lower limbs. However, the deformities were more pronounced in the lower limbs than in the upper limbs, resulting in knock knee. Radiological finding showed osteosclerosis of the axial bones while the appendicular bones exhibited osteoporosis. There was marked change of bone structure observed as osteomalacia, and course trabecular bone pattern. osteoporosis was also associated with cortical thinning. Periosteal bone apposition was observed in the bones: and genu valgum of the limbs. Biochemical tests revealed normal values for serum calcium and inorganic phosphate. However, the serum alkaline phosphatase was elevated. This may be an indication of a pathological condition where there are possible compensatory mechanisms to maintain normal levels of serum calcium and inorganic phosphate. One case which had undergone corrective surgical intervention of the lower limbs four years earlier, had continued to live in the same environment using drinking water with 10 ppmF after corrective surgery, and showed no improvement.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/8. A report of fluorosis in the united states secondary to drinking well water.A 54-year-old female resident of Wellston, Okla, was found to have osteosclerosis on a routine chest roentgenogram. Subsequent investigation disclosed the cause of her osteosclerosis to be fluorosis secondary to the ingestion of well water containing 429 mumol/L of fluoride (recommended levels, 11 to 58 mumol/L). Water samples were also obtained from the 12 wells on properties adjacent to the index case. In three other wells, all at similar depths as the well of the index case, the fluoride concentration of the water was greater than 212 mumol/L. urine samples from members of the four households who obtain their drinking water from these wells contained elevated urinary fluoride levels. Thus, fluorosis may develop in certain areas of the united states as a result of the natural occurrence of fluoride in the groundwater. Consequently, in known endemic areas, it would appear reasonable to measure the fluoride concentration of the well water at the time of drilling.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 9keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/8. Dietary fluoride supplementation for the prevention of caries.Fluoride supplements are effective in preventing dental caries if conscientiously taken on a daily basis from birth until at least 12 to 14 years of age. The optimal dose depends on the child's age and the existing fluoride concentration in the water supply. A dosage schedule is recommended that decreases the dose of fluoride in infancy and that is inversely related to the concentration of fluoride in the drinking water.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/8. Latent fluorides: report of case.This case report examines the effects of a long-term exposure to fluoride on the teeth of two children who started to drink a highly fluoridated mineral water when they were three years and four years of age, respectively. A clinical and SEM study was conducted to supply evidence of the harmful effect of fluoride ingestion at above optimal levels and to ask for an explicit labeling of drinks that contain more than 1 ppm/F.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/8. Dental fluorosis as a complication of hereditary diabetes insipidus: studies of six affected patients.Hereditary diabetes insipidus is a rare endocrine disorder caused by a deficiency of the antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin. The disease is characterized by polyuria, extreme thirst, and polydipsia. In this study of six affected members from two families with hereditary diabetes insipidus, it was found that two children who drank water fluoridated at optimum levels developed moderate to severe fluorosis. By contrast, four other affected patients who did not consume fluoridated water showed normal dentitions. This report indicates that dental fluorosis may be an important complication of diabetes insipidus, and demonstrates the possibility that excessive consumption of optimally fluoridated water can lead to severe developmental enamel defects.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 3keywords = water (Clic here for more details about this article) |