1/32. language development and assessment in children with human immunodeficiency virus: 3 to 6 years.Young children infected or exposed, or both to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) present with a variety of speech, language, and communication problems. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the impact that hiv has on young children from 3 to 6 years of age. Issues concerning medically related problems are discussed, along with assessment criteria and descriptions of communication disorders among hiv-infected and -exposed children.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = impact (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/32. language development in a child with left hemispherectomy.A longitudinal study of a left hemispherectomized boy (AB) was conducted to document linguistic evolution and maturation and determine the extent to which right hemisphere processes allow development of language. Resection of the left hemisphere occurred at age 5 years 6 months, following intractable epilepsy. Tests of language comprehension (pointing, understanding of prepositions, understanding of narratives) and production (naming, repetition, lexical diversity, grammatical production) were administered at ages 6:2, 6:4, 6:6, and 6 years 9 months. Observations showed little progress, if any, in most aspects of linguistic performance. In contrast to studies with left-hemispherectomized children, AB showed only a modest expansion of the semantic lexicon and the phonological repertoire more than a year after the surgical intervention. These observations indirectly suggest (1) poor functional involvement of the right hemisphere in the development of adequate linguistic abilities, (2) the necessary integrity of the LH for adequate development of language, or (3) that variations in individual brain maturation rates may account for AB's linguistic progress.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 62.646540144023keywords = epilepsy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/32. Language lateralisation and early right ear deafness: was Wernicke right?The effects of early right ear deafness on lateralisation of auditory language functions are not fully known. A 36 year old right handed man, with a history of perinatal right ear deafness and undergoing evaluation for surgical treatment of seizures that began at age 10 years was studied. Language lateralisation testing by intracarotid sodium amobarbital injection showed receptive and expressive language functions to be strongly lateralised to the left hemisphere. Results with intracarotid sodium amobarbital injection further suggested that transmission of auditory input to the patient's left hemisphere was partially dependent on ipsilateral left ear pathways. Cortical language mapping through implanted subdural electrodes localised auditory language functions to traditional left posterior perisylvian language areas. These results suggest that early right ear deafness does not impede left hemisphere lateralisation and localisation of auditory language functions. Moreover, transmission of auditory information to the patient's left hemisphere seems to be accomplished, in part, by recruitment of ipsilateral left ear pathways.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 8.1998340058764keywords = seizure (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/32. Worster-Drought and congenital perisylvian syndromes-a continuum?A 5-year-old female was evaluated because of severe speech and expressive language delay. On examination, she could hardly speak and communicated through gestures. She manifested severe dysarthria and difficulty in protruding and moving her tongue laterally. She lacked coordination of the swallowing process, with drooling and an increased mental reflex. Her cognitive development was normal, and no associated neurologic dysfunction of the limbs was noted. On follow-up, the child experienced two episodes of seizures at 6 years of age. magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated perisylvian and frontal polymicrogyria. Clinical and radiologic findings demonstrated a similarity and continuum between congenital suprabulbar paresis (Worster-Drought syndrome) and perisylvian syndrome.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 8.1998340058764keywords = seizure (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/32. Theoretical and practical considerations in the psychological and educational assessment of the student with intractable epilepsy: dynamic assessment as an adjunct to static assessment.Assessing the student with intractable epilepsy requires skill not only in evaluating cognitive problems, but also detecting seizures and discovering how to adapt instruction to minimize their negative impact on learning. Ironically, assessment efforts are seen as compromised by the occurrence of seizures during testing, when determining how seizure events may interfere with learning and the instructional modifications that are necessary to cope with them, should be a key part of assessment. A dual approach to assessment is recommended that combines the identification of cognitive deficits with an evaluation of how recurring seizures may prevent the student from engaging in instruction. Without also evaluating the student's response to instruction, teaching to specific cognitive needs is limited by insufficient knowledge about how to keep the student involved in instruction when seizures occur. Static assessment evaluates cognitive functioning at the time of testing, without changing the way that the student learns and responds. By engaging the student in teaching/learning sessions, dynamic assessment explores how the student best learns despite cognitive deficits and the disruptive effect of seizures. This paper includes a description of the authors'experience in using dynamic assessment as an adjunct to static assessment in evaluating a student with intractable epilepsy.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 426.07824489939keywords = epilepsy, seizure, impact (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/32. The use of a digital voice output device to facilitate language development in a child with developmental apraxia of speech: a case study.PURPOSE: The study aimed at describing the language and communication abilities of a child diagnosed with Developmental Apraxia of speech (DAS), who used a Macaw Digital voice output device. METHOD: This case study describes the training of a mother in the use of a Macaw digital voice output device to give her child with DAS access to higher levels of language functioning. It also provides longitudinal information pertaining to the child's school progress in the three years following the implementation of the device. RESULTS: Results indicate that the use of a digital device is useful in facilitating communication and language development in a young child with DAS. Specific evidence of an increase in the cognitive complexity of questions directed at the child is provided, as well as an increase in the number of questions directed to the child. Regarding the child's responses, it was noted that appropriate answers increased, as did the number of communication modalities and communication attempts. Longitudinal data indicates that the child was able to maintain these positive impacts. CONCLUSIONS: Digital voice output devices can be used as a method to facilitate higher cognitive functioning and has various positive impacts on the functioning of a child with DAS. These devices need to be considered as a tool to facilitate the development of communication and speech development for this population.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = impact (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/32. association of Chiari I malformation, mental retardation, speech delay, and epilepsy: a specific disorder?OBJECTIVE: The Chiari I malformation is defined as tonsillar herniation of at least 3 to 5 mm below the foramen magnum. Although Chiari I malformation is considered to derive from a mesodermal disorder resulting in underdevelopment of the posterior fossa relative to its content, evidence for a possible heterogeneous etiology also has been reported. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the relationship between Chiari I malformation and mental retardation, speech delay, and epilepsy to consider a possible specific pathogenetic background. methods: Thirty-five patients with Chiari I malformations were identified by use of magnetic resonance imaging during a period between 1993 and 1999. The study consisted of nine patients (four boys and five girls) who were affected by mental retardation, speech delay, and epilepsy. All patients underwent electroencephalography and brain and cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: All patients were mentally retarded with a mean intelligence quotient of 50. Seven patients had a positive history for speech delay, and five were epileptic. Electroencephalograms demonstrated abnormalities in seven patients. The mean tonsillar displacement was 10.1 mm. A thin corpus callosum and a wide cavum septum pellucidum were present in three patients. Neither hydromyelia nor scoliosis was observed. No correlation between the degree of the ectopia and clinical manifestation was noted. CONCLUSION: The association of Chiari I malformation with epilepsy, speech delay, and mental retardation may not be a mere incidental finding but may be a marker for a different pathogenetic background.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 438.52578100816keywords = epilepsy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/32. Language dysfunction in epileptic conditions.epilepsy may disrupt brain functions necessary for language development by its associated intellectual disabilities or directly as a consequence of the seizure disorder. Additionally, in recent years, there has been increasing recognition of the association of epileptiform electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities with language disorders and autism spectrum disorders. Any process that impairs language function has long-term consequences for academic, social, and occupational adjustments in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Furthermore, impairments in specific language abilities can impact memory and learning abilities. This article reviews interictal language function in children and adults with epilepsy; epilepsy surgery and language outcome; and language disorders associated with abnormal EEGs. The relationship between epilepsy and language function is complicated as the neuroanatomic circuits common to both overlap. We demonstrate how magnetoencephalography (MEG) offers the ability to analyze the relationship of language, EEG abnormalities, and epilepsy.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 322.43253472599keywords = epilepsy, seizure, impact (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/32. Case report: angelman syndrome in an individual with a small SMC(15) and paternal uniparental disomy: a case report with reference to the assessment of cognitive functioning and autistic symptomatology.The case of a 15-year-old male with angelman syndrome, paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15, and a small supernumerary marker chromosome is discussed. Assessment of cognitive functioning revealed an uneven profile of ability across different domains; in particular, receptive language ability was found to be superior to expressive language ability, whilst both gross and fine motor skills were found to be relatively well developed. Assessment using the Autism Diagnostic observation Schedule showed very little evidence of autistic symptomatology. The patient showed an interest in social interaction and used a variety of methods to communicate, including some gestures and several single words. A clinical history revealed febrile convulsions during childhood but an absence of seizures in the previous 5 years. The patient was not hypopigmented, and height, weight, and head circumference were within the normal range for his age. The implications of these features are discussed in the context of previous work describing a milder phenotype in nondeletion cases of angelman syndrome and work that has examined the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders amongst individuals with angelman syndrome.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 8.1998340058764keywords = seizure (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/32. speech and language deterioration in benign rolandic epilepsy.A 5-year-old boy presented with typical clinical and electrophysiologic features of benign rolandic epilepsy. His neurodevelopment, language, and behavior prior to the onset of epilepsy were appropriately normal. He demonstrated marked deterioration of language and cognitive function during the course to a mild and then a moderate disability range. Serial sleep electroencephalographic recordings initially showed continuous and bilateral rolandic discharges with evolution to localized left rolandic spikes. Language and cognitive improvements were subsequently seen. Educational support and evolution of the electroencephalogram to a localized focus could have been contributory. It is anticipated, however, that he will have significant long-term problems in complex language.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 375.87924086414keywords = epilepsy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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