1/79. Human rabies--virginia, 1998.On December 31, 1998, a 29-year-old man in Richmond, virginia, died from rabies encephalitis caused by a rabies virus variant associated with insectivorous bats. This report summarizes the clinical and epidemiologic investigations by the virginia Department of Health and CDC.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = virus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/79. Mokola virus infection: description of recent South African cases and a review of the virus epidemiology.Five cases of Mokola virus, a lyssavirus related to rabies, are described. The cases occurred in cats from the East london, Pinetown and Pietermaritzburg areas of south africa from February 1996 to February 1998. Each of the cats was suspected of being rabid and their brains were submitted for laboratory confirmation. Four of the cases were positive, but with atypical fluorescence, and 1 was negative. Mokola virus infection was identified by anti-lyssavirus nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody typing. As in rabies cases, the predominant clinical signs were of unusual behaviour. aggression was present, but only during handling. Four of the 5 cats had been vaccinated for rabies, which is consistent with other studies that show that rabies vaccination does not appear to protect against Mokola virus. Since Mokola may be confused with rabies, the incidence of Mokola virus may be more common in Africa than is currently reported. As human infections may be fatal, the emergence of this virus is a potential threat to public health.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 15keywords = virus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/79. An arctic fox rabies virus strain as the cause of human rabies in Russian siberia.A case of human rabies in the arctic zone of siberia is described. The victim was bitten by a wolf, but characterization of the isolate by monoclonal antibodies showed that it was an arctic fox virus strain. This discovery reaffirmed the value of strain typing rabies virus isolates in regions where this has not been done already: such characterization pertains to the identification of the reservoir host, to the natural history of the virus in the reservoir, and to future surveillance, post-exposure treatment, and public education in the region.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 7keywords = virus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/79. Preventing human rabies before and after exposure.Rabies is a viral disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Recently, most human deaths from rabies have been caused by transmission from bats, in many cases without a documented bite or exposure. Rabies is fatal if untreated prior to onset of symptoms. Deaths from human rabies in the united states are rare, largely because of animal control measures and postexposure prophylaxis of people who have been bitten or exposed to the virus. Primary care providers play a pivotal role in the prevention of rabies. Preexposure prevention involves education and immunization of persons at high risk for rabies exposure. Rabies is difficult to diagnose antemortem because of the nonspecific presentation of signs and symptoms that may mimic those of respiratory or abdominal infections. Diagnosing rabies once symptoms begin will not save the victim's life but will help to minimize exposure to others, allow for identification and prophylaxis of those who may have been exposed, and identify the animal vector.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2.327196699532keywords = virus, animal (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/79. Survey of rabies preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis among missionary personnel stationed outside the united states.BACKGROUND: Of the 36 cases of human rabies that have occurred in the united states since 1980, 12 (33%) were presumed to have been acquired abroad. In the united states, it is recommended that international travelers likely to come in contact with animals in canine rabies-enzootic areas that lack immediate access to appropriate medical care, including vaccine and rabies immune globulin, should be considered for preexposure prophylaxis. In 1992, the death of an American missionary who had contracted rabies while stationed in bangladesh highlighted this high-risk group. methods: To assess their knowledge of rabies risk, rabies exposures, and compliance with preventive recommendations, we asked 695 missionaries and their family members to complete questionnaires about their time stationed abroad. RESULTS: Of the 293 respondents stationed in countries where rabies is endemic, 37% reported prior knowledge of the presence of rabies in their country of service. Only 28% of the personnel stationed in rabies-endemic countries received preexposure prophylaxis. Having preexposure prophylaxis specifically recommended increased the likelihood of actually receiving it (O.R. 15.6, 95%CI 7.4 - 34.9). There were 38 reported exposures (dogs = 66%, another human = 20%), proven or presumed to be rabid. Three of the people exposed received rabies immune globulin and vaccine; 11 received vaccine alone; 8 received only basic first aid, and 16 received no treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Although American missionaries stationed abroad are at an increased risk for exposure to rabies, compliance with established preventive measures was low. Prior to being stationed abroad, an educational rabies-prevention briefing, including encouragement to receive preexposure prophylaxis, could be an effective intervention for missionaries to decrease their risk of rabies.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.44239889984401keywords = animal (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/79. Rabies control in japan.In 1957 japan succeeded in eradicating rabies, which had been endemic since the 18th century, due to the registration and confinement of family dogs, the elimination of stray dogs, and the compulsory vaccination of dogs. At present, however, vaccination coverage of family dogs is far lower than the required level of 70%. The facilities that are presently able to investigate rabies are limited in number. In addition, few medical institutions keep rabies vaccine in stock or offer postexposure vaccination to travelers bitten by animals in rabies endemic areas. Moreover, rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) cannot be given to such individuals because RIG is not produced at present in japan, nor is it authorized to be imported. To keep japan free from any rabies deaths, an improvement in vaccination coverage among dogs and in the supply of postexposure prophylaxis is required, and the establishment of a rabies surveillance system is also considered to be essential.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.44239889984401keywords = animal (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/79. Rabies in israel: decades of prevention and a human case.Animal rabies is endemic in israel, with 50-80 laboratory-confirmed cases being diagnosed annually. Despite the high incidence among animals, human rabies has not occurred in israel for almost four decades. This is likely due to the highly effective prevention policy implemented by the Ministry of Health, based on pre-exposure vaccination of populations at risk, post-exposure treatment, and updated rules. Notwithstanding the previous success, a human case occurred in 1996 when a soldier was bitten, while asleep, by an unidentified small animal, which according to his description was a rat or a mouse. Since injuries by these rodents do not require antirabies treatment, no antirabies post-exposure prophylaxis was administered. Five weeks later the soldier complained of fever and nausea with interchanging periods of rage and calm, confusion, and water aversion. His condition deteriorated gradually, leading to deep coma and death. Immunofluorescence examination of a skin biopsy was positive for rabies, and PCR of saliva revealed lyssavirus genotype 1. We review the changes in the epizootiology of rabies in israel, the trends of human exposure to animals, and the pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines, and discuss possible measures that could have been undertaken to prevent the eventuality of this case. This case of rabies, the first after a long period without human disease, accentuates the importance of strict adherence to prevention guidelines. Considerations of geography, epidemiology, and the circumstances of exposure are crucial in the treatment decision-making process.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2.327196699532keywords = virus, animal (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/79. Rabies: otolaryngologic manifestations.Rabies is a rare, fatal viral infection, usually transmitted by the bite of an infected animal. Some 30,000 Americans are immunized annually, however, so public health considerations are common. The development of a new vaccine, grown in human diploid cell culture, is discussed. It appears to have high antigenicity with no serious morbidity. A case of a patient with fatal rabies who had fever, delirium, dysphagia, and cervical and pectoral subcutaneous emphysema is presented.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.44239889984401keywords = animal (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/79. Quantitative study of the infection in brain neurons in human rabies.rabies virus is a highly neuronotropic virus that causes encephalomyelitis. rabies virus infection was studied in neurons in the brain of an 8-year-old girl that died of rabies in mexico. The extent of the neuronal infection was evaluated quantitatively in neuronal cell types of the brain using histologic staining for Negri bodies and immunoperoxidase staining for rabies virus antigen in the same neurons. Quantitative image analysis was used to compare the amount of infection in five different neuronal cell types, which was expressed as a percentage of neuronal area. purkinje cells and periaqueductal gray neurons showed the largest percentage area for both Negri bodies and signal for rabies virus antigen. In general, there was a good linear relationship between the area of Negri bodies and the area of signal for rabies virus antigen. Many neurons with rabies virus antigen did not have Negri bodies, however, and some neurons with large antigen signals, especially purkinje cells and periaqueductal gray neurons, lacked Negri bodies. Formation of Negri bodies is likely influenced by factors that vary in different neuronal cell types.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 7keywords = virus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/79. public health aspects of rabies.environmental health Services personnel are responsible for communicable disease surveillance and control, which includes rabies. They conduct contact investigation on all rabid animals reported by Veterinary Services. A patient admitted to USAF Hospital Clark with a clinical diagnosis of rabies (confirmed on autopsy) presented a more complex investigation problem. Identification of hospital personnel who had significant contact with the patient was relatively easy. There were 21 hospital personnel identified as requiring antirabies prophylaxis. Social contacts of the patient were more difficult to identify. Numerous friends and co-workers were interviewed. Only one person was determined to need prophylaxis as a result of the investigation. One of the most important aspects of any rabies investigation is coordination between all involved personnel. These personnel represent various disciplines including veterinary, medical, and public health (both military and civilian). If all individuals are to be identified, evaluated, and given complete, correct information, there must be open lines of communication between the various disciplines.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.44239889984401keywords = animal (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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