1/22. livedo reticularis and cerebrovascular accidents (Sneddon's syndrome) as a clinical expression of antiphospholipid syndrome.We present two patients with livedo reticularis and cerebrovascular accidents (Sneddon's syndrome) and positive anticardiolipin antibodies. We suggest that these antibodies may be pathophysiologically related to the clinical manifestation observed in some patients with this syndrome. When Sneddon's syndrome is associated with positive anticardiolipin antibodies it could be regarded as antiphospholipid syndrome and fall into this category of nosological entity.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = livedo reticularis, reticularis, livedo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/22. Cerebral blood flow-SPECT in a patient with Sneddon's syndrome.We report a 50-year-old woman diagnosed with Sneddon's syndrome and examined by CBF scintigraphy several times for follow-up of the disease. There were no significant changes in her CBF scintigraphic findings or neurological status during the 6-year follow-up period. Sneddon's syndrome is a slowly progressive disorder in which livedo reticularis precedes cerebrovascular accidents. Because small cortical arteries are predominantly affected in Sneddon's syndrome, MR and conventional angiography often fail to show any abnormal findings, and MR imaging may not visualize decreased CBF in the early stage. Therefore, CBF scintigraphy should be performed in patients who have or are suspected of having Sneddon's syndrome.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.56461623652076keywords = livedo reticularis, reticularis, livedo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/22. Sneddon's syndrome and antithrombin iii.Sneddon's syndrome, an uncommon disorder, is characterized by multiple cerebrovascular accidents along with ideopathic livedo reticularis. In this article, two cases who had increased amounts of antithrombin iii and were diagnosed with Sneddon's syndrome are presented.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.56461623652076keywords = livedo reticularis, reticularis, livedo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/22. Superior mesenteric artery stenting for mesenteric ischaemia in Sneddon's syndrome.Mesenteric ischaemia is a rare but serious cause of abdominal pain. We present the case of a man with Sneddon's syndrome, who had symptomatic mesenteric ischaemia secondary to a superior mesenteric artery stenosis in conjunction with a hepatic artery stenosis. As far as the authors are aware, this has not previously been described in Sneddon's syndrome, which is a vascular systemic disease characterized by an association between cerebrovascular accidents and a livedo reticularis skin rash. He was treated with balloon angioplasty and stent insertion, with good symptomatic improvement. This has implications for other stenoses in this condition should they become symptomatic.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.56461623652076keywords = livedo reticularis, reticularis, livedo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/22. Anaesthesiological considerations in patients with Sneddon's syndrome.Sneddon's syndrome is a rare disease with strong gender prevalence of females. This syndrome is characterized by livedo racemosa and cerebrovascular lesions. Since no specific test is available, the clinical differentiation from other disorders with similar symptomatology may raise difficulties. The cerebral involvement includes strokes with cases of more than one ischaemic event having been reported. Associations with convulsions, heart valve disease, systemic hypertension, and renal impairment have been described. We report the case of a 5-year-old boy who was anaesthesized for dental surgery. Due to the fact that 50% of Sneddon's syndrome patients develop mental retardation, even minor procedures require general anaesthesia. A review of the literature is added and specific anaesthesiological aspects of the perioperative care of Sneddon's syndrome are discussed.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.077733201981698keywords = livedo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/22. Sneddon's syndrome: a case report.We report a case of Sneddon's syndrome with the triad of livedo reticularis, hypertension, and neurologic symptoms. The procedures for diagnosis and the tests to delineate clotting abnormalities are examined.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.56461623652076keywords = livedo reticularis, reticularis, livedo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/22. Sneddon's syndrome: a cause of cognitive decline in young adults.OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical, psychometric, laboratory, and radiologic findings of 6 patients with Sneddon's syndrome (SS) who presented with cognitive dysfunction rather than stroke. DESIGN AND methods: Case series. All patients fulfilled were diagnosed as SS based on the co-occurrence of livedo racemosa and neurologic disease. patients presenting with clinical stroke were excluded. RESULTS: patients presented with cognitive complaints at an early age and all noted skin lesions from 6 months to 10 years before onset of cognitive symptoms. Associated systemic disorders included hypertension and seizures. Laboratory evidence of a hypercoagulable condition was identified in 4 of 6 cases. brain MRI scans demonstrated atrophy, especially in parieto-occipital regions and cerebral blood flow on brain SPECT scan was reduced in a similar distribution. CONCLUSION: patients with SS can develop dementia without antecedent clinical stroke. While the specific pathogenic mechanism of dementia in SS remains speculative, the disease predominantly injures brain tissue in vascular "watershed" territories.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.077733201981698keywords = livedo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/22. sneddon syndrome with multiple cerebral infarctions 12 years after the onset of livedo vasculitis: a possible involvement of platelet activation.sneddon syndrome is characterized by livedo reticularis and multiple cerebral infarctions. Skin and central nervous system symptoms usually have a synchronous onset and at times initial symptoms affect one of them, the other lagging several years behind. We here report a patient with sneddon syndrome who developed multiple cerebral infarctions more than 10 years after the onset of livedo reticularis. While the neurological symptoms were apparent, the patient did not display active skin manifestations. Laboratory findings excluded collagen diseases, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, and inherited quantitative deficiency of protein c, protein s and antithrombin iii. Abnormal findings included extremely elevated levels of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor-4 in the blood, although these acute phase markers of thrombosis were examined several years after the onset of cerebral infarctions. platelet activation may have caused sneddon syndrome in the present case.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1.4401652809683keywords = livedo reticularis, reticularis, livedo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/22. Sneddon's syndrome: MR imaging findings.Sneddon's syndrome is a systemic disease characterized by generalized livedo racemosa and cerebrovascular disease. We present a case of Sneddon's syndrome which has typical dermatological lesions and occipital infarct demonstrated by both CT and MRI.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.077733201981698keywords = livedo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/22. Therapy of sneddon syndrome.We report the case of a young woman with progressive cognitive decline and epilepsy. She showed ischemic cerebrovascular disease and proximal livedo racemosa. Antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) could not be detected and there were no microemboli on continuous transcranial Doppler ultrasonography monitoring. histology of cerebral vessels showed intimal hyperplasia in small leptomeningeal venous vessels and micronecrosis of grey and white matter. We subsequently made the diagnosis of aPL-negative sneddon syndrome (SNS). Anticoagulation with warfarin could not be initiated because of a drug-resistant epilepsy with the risk of falls and subsequent bleeding; immunosuppression with steroids and azathioprine was ineffective, as was initial antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel alone. However, when we intensified antiplatelet therapy by combining clopidogrel and ASS, a slowing of disease progression, as assessed by neuropsychological testing and magnetic resonance imaging, was noted on a follow-up after 6 months. Therapeutic options in SNS in both aPL-positive and aPL-negative patients with SNS are discussed.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.077733201981698keywords = livedo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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