1/41. Ictal paraphasia induced by language activity.Four patients with ictal speech disturbance were studied. Their seizures featured isolated, or series of, brief episodes of fluent paraphasia, paragraphia, and comprehension deficit. These episodes were often induced by language activity. Six patients with ictal paraphasia or paragraphia, as a recurrent habitual seizure, are reported in the literature. All ten cases, including the four cases described here and the six cases reported in the literature, featured patients who uttered meaningless speech fluently or displayed paragraphia. The syllables uttered during seizures contained many neologisms and resembled the neologistic jargon of patients with fluent aphasias of the Wernicke type. Nine patients had clusters or status of brief seizures and four patients had auditory hallucination as an ictal event. The seizures in six patients were easily induced by the use of language. Seizure focus was on the left side in all patients mentioned. The possibility of another type of language-induced seizures than those seen in reading epilepsy or language-induced epilepsy is suggested in which myoclonias of the jaw and face, or upper extremities are the main seizure types.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = agraphia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/41. Pure Kana agraphia as a manifestation of graphemic buffer impairment.We report a left-handed man who demonstrated a pure agraphia limited to words written in Kana characters (syllabograms) following a right putaminal hemorrhage. writing words in Kanji characters (logograms) was well preserved. His performance in Kana writing was characterized by intact ability to write single syllables, error increase in the second half of words directly proportional to the word length and correct but slow writing of words using kana blocks. Errors were more prominent in Hiragana words than Katakana words which are usually used to transcribe foreign words. Acoustic-grapheme sequencing per se was not impaired as shown by his correct performance in arranging character blocks. These findings suggest selective damage to the graphemic buffer, a module that temporarily maintains the graphemic representation elaborated in previous stages before it is sent to the peripheral systems for its motor realization.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1.6666666666667keywords = agraphia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/41. Jargonagraphia with severe aphasia due to a right hemisphere lesion: case report.The authors report a case of a patient who developed jargonagraphia, severe aphasia, unilateral spatial neglect and apraxia due to a right hemisphere lesion. Jargonagraphia with severe aphasia, unilateral spatial neglect and apraxia is quite rare. The mechanisms of jargonagraphia remain unknown. A possible mechanism underlying this case of jargonagraphia is discussed.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2.6666666666667keywords = agraphia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/41. Jargonagraphia in a case of frontotemporal dementia.Jargonagraphia is known to occur after discrete brain lesions but not in primary degenerative dementia. We report a patient with frontotemporal dementia who developed jargonagraphia and nonfluent aphasia. Written output was graphically preserved but consisted of short words intermingled with abstruse neologisms. MRI showed predominant right frontotemporal cortical atrophy accompanied by white matter hyperintensities in the right anterior subcallosal periventricular region. diagnosis and MRI were corroborated by extensive neuropathological findings obtained 8 months later. The agraphia in this case is discussed with reference to both specific macroscopic and microscopic pathoanatomical lesions. We suggest that jargonagraphia can appear in frontotemporal dementia depending on the localization of lesions.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2.6666666666667keywords = agraphia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/41. Dystypia: isolated typing impairment without aphasia, apraxia or visuospatial impairment.We report a 60-year-old right-handed Japanese man who showed an isolated persistent typing impairment without aphasia, agraphia, apraxia or any other neuropsychological deficit. We coined the term 'dystypia' for this peculiar neuropsychological manifestation. The symptom was caused by an infarction in the left frontal lobe involving the foot of the second frontal convolution and the frontal operculum. The patient's typing impairment was not attributable to a disturbance of the linguistic process, since he had no aphasia or agraphia. The impairment was not attributable to the impairment of the motor execution process either, since he had no apraxia. Thus, his typing impairment was deduced to be based on a disturbance of the intermediate process where the linguistic phonological information is converted into the corresponding performance. We hypothesized that there is a specific process for typing which branches from the motor programming process presented in neurolinguistic models. The foot of the left second frontal convolution and the operculum may play an important role in the manifestation of 'dystypia'.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.66666666666667keywords = agraphia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/41. Cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying reading and naming: evidence from letter-by-letter reading and optic aphasia.We report detailed analysis of language performance in a patient, RMI, a 55-year-old man who presented with a homonymous hemianopsia, optic aphasia, and alexia without agraphia (with letter-by-letter reading) acutely after stroke. MRI showed infarct in the left occipital and medial temporal lobe and hypoperfusion of the entire posterior cerebral artery territory, including the splenium. Extensive language testing revealed severely impaired picture naming and oral reading, with relatively spared tactile naming and recognition of orally spelled words, consistent with impaired access to lexical and semantic representations from vision. In addition, he had a milder deficit in accessing lexical representations for output from all input modalities. RMI's execution of various language tasks provided considerable insight into the mechanisms that underlie oral reading. His performance indicated that both semantic access and orthographic to phonologic conversion mechanisms were partially intact. When information from these two impoverished systems was coupled (the picture of an object presented with its written name), his ability to read/name improved significantly, consistent with the hypothesis that partially accessed semantic information from vision can combine with partially accessed sublexical orthographic to phonologic conversion mechanisms to access phonological representations for output. Furthermore, his written word and picture recognition improved to normal at a time when magnetic resonance perfusion imaging demonstrated reperfusion of the splenium. We interpret these results, as well as results from previous studies in the literature, within a model of the neural regions critical for various cognitive processes underlying reading.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.33333333333333keywords = agraphia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/41. letter-by-letter reading: natural recovery and response to treatment.The present investigation provides a longitudinal study of an individual (RB) with acquired alexia following left posterior cerebral artery stroke. At initial testing, RB exhibited acquired alexia characterized by letter-by-letter (LBL) reading, mild anomic aphasia, and acquired agraphia. Repeated measures of reading accuracy and rate were collected for single words and text over the course of one year, along with probes of naming and spelling abilities. Improvements associated with natural recovery (i.e., without treatment) were documented up to the fourth month post onset, when text reading appeared to be relatively stable. Multiple oral reading (MOR) treatment was initiated at 22 weeks post-stroke, and additional improvements in reading rate and accuracy for text were documented that were greater than those expected on the basis of spontaneous recovery alone. Over the course of one year, reading reaction times for single words improved, and the word-length effect that is the hallmark of LBL reading diminished. RB's response to treatment supports the therapeutic value of MOR treatment to in LBL readers. His residual impairment of reading and spelling one-year post stroke raised the question as to whether further progress was impeded by degraded orthographic knowledge.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.33333333333333keywords = agraphia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/41. ubiquitin-positive frontotemporal lobar degeneration presenting with progressive Gogi (word-meaning) aphasia. A neuropsychological, radiological and pathological evaluation of a Japanese semantic dementia patient.A patient with progressive anomia and alexia with agraphia for kanji (Japanese morphograms) is described. The patient showed a deficit in single-word comprehension and on-reading (a type of reading that conveys phonetic value) dominance in kanji reading, i.e. on-preceding (pronouncing first with on-reading, irrespective of its preferred reading) and kun-deletion (inability to recall and recognize kun-reading [another type of reading that conveys meaning]) when reading a single-character kanji. These features were due to loss of lexico-semantic information and thus the patient was regarded as having progressive Gogi (word-meaning) aphasia by Imura, a Japanese manifestation of semantic dementia. Macroscopically, neuropathological examination disclosed atrophy of the left frontotemporal lobe with accentuation in the anterior portion of the temporal lobe. Histologically, there was neuronal loss in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, caudate nucleus, and putamen. ubiquitin-immunoreactive neuronal inclusions were present in the hippocampal dentate granular cells. This case demonstrates that progressive Gogi aphasia is semiologically identical to semantic dementia, and our patient clinicopathologically resembled those of Rossor et al. [Rossor, M.N., Revesz, T., Lantos, P.L., Warrington, E.K. Semantic dementia with ubiquitin-positive tau-negative inclusion bodies. brain 2000; 123: 267-76.] and Hodges et al. [Hodges, J.R., Davies, R.R., Xuereb, J.H., Casey, B., Broe, M., Bak, T.H., et al. Clinicopathological correlates in frontotemporal dementia. Ann Neurol 2004; 56: 399-406.].- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.33333333333333keywords = agraphia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/41. writing with the right hemisphere.We studied writing abilities in a strongly right-handed man following a massive stroke that resulted in virtually complete destruction of the language-dominant left hemisphere. writing was characterized by sensitivity to lexical-semantic variables (i.e., word frequency, imageability, and part of speech), semantic errors in writing to dictation and written naming, total inability to use the nonlexical phonological spelling route, and agrammatism in spontaneous writing. The reliance on a lexical-semantic strategy in spelling, semantic errors, and impaired phonology and syntax were all highly consistent with the general characteristics of right hemisphere language, as revealed by studies of split-brain patients and adults with dominant hemispherectomy. In addition, this pattern of writing closely resembled the syndrome of deep agraphia. These observations provide strong support for the hypothesis that deep agraphia reflects right hemisphere writing.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.66666666666667keywords = agraphia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/41. Postcallosotomy language impairments in patients with crossed cerebral dominance.language impairments were reviewed retrospectively in patients who underwent partial or total corpus callosum section for medically refractory secondary generalized epilepsy. Postoperatively, four of 32 patients had clinically significant language impairments that were not present prior to the operation. All involved primarily verbal output (speech and writing) and spared verbal comprehension. Written language skills (reading and spelling), verbal memory, and verbal reasoning abilities were impaired to varying degrees. These impairments were associated with crossed cerebral dominance. Three patients with severe difficulties after surgery were right hemisphere-dominant for speech and were right-handed. One left hemisphere speech-dominant, left-handed patient was agraphic after surgery, but spoke normally. It is concluded from these data and from other reports in the literature that three syndromes of language disturbance may follow callosotomy. The first, involving speech difficulty but but sparing writing, is attributable to buccofacial apraxia. The second involves speech and writing difficulties and occurs in right hemisphere-dominant right-handed patients. The third involves dysgraphia with intact speech and occurs in left hemisphere-dominant left-handed patients.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.093438025167139keywords = dysgraphia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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