21/29. Craniofacial duplication (diprosopus): report of a case with a review of the literature.A case of craniofacial duplication (diprosopus) is presented. Details on this rare form of conjoined twins are described, and the proposed theories of its embryogenesis are discussed with brief review of the pertinent literature.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = embryo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
22/29. Fetal outcome of triplets in a Turner mosaic.Pregnancies are now being reported resulting from fertilization of donor oocytes in women with ovarian failure. A case of triplets in a Turner mosaic is reported herein following transfers of embryos resulting from donor oocytes. She had previously demonstrated a normal sized uterine cavity by hysterosalpingography. The opinion from our group was that she should consider selective reduction but a perinatology consult thought she should have a favorable outcome. Her pregnancy was complicated by polyhydramnios, pre-term labor, and eventual fetal demise at 25 and 27 weeks of all three fetuses. Natural pregnancies in patients with gonadal dysgenesis have been reported in at least 138 patients. Many aborted or had stillbirths and this high rate of fetal mortality has been ascribed to chromosomal abnormalities. The continued use of donor oocytes will provide data to evaluate whether there will continue to be a higher spontaneous abortion rate and complications in second and third trimesters in Turner's pregnancies even in single pregnancies. The outcome of this case can at least be provided to future gonadal dysgenesis patients with triplets to help them in their decision as to whether or not to have selective reduction.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = embryo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
23/29. Outflow tract abnormalities in atrioventricular canal malformations.Atrioventricular canal malformations are commonly regarded as being arrests of development of normal cardiac septation since their morphology strongly resembles the normal heart of Carnegie stages 14 through 18. Similarly, the spectrum of outflow tract abnormalities, which includes truncus arteriosus, transposition of the great arteries, double outlet right ventricle, and tetralogy of fallot, has been interpreted as a developmental arrest because these malformations resemble the normal embryonic outflow tract in Carnegie stages 14 through 18, respectively. The causes of the developmental arrests in these two classes of malformations are unknown. observation of an unusual autopsy case with features of both atrioventricular canal defect and tetralogy of fallot prompted us to review the outflow tract morphology in 38 hearts with an atrioventricular canal malformation and two semilunar valves to determine if there was evidence to support the idea that both conditions may have the same pathogenesis. In all 38 hearts there was fibrous continuity between an anterior mitral leaflet and an aortic valve, which by anatomic definition means that no case had truncus arteriosus, transposition of the great arteries, or double outlet right ventricle. There were three cases with coarctation of the aorta, a lesion which arises when blood flow in the pulmonary trunk exceeds aortic flow during early development. There were four cases with pulmonary to aortic valve caliber ratios similar to those found in tetralogy of fallot but the aortic-to-pulmonary valve angle relative to the heart base ranged over the full spectrum of angles seen in normal hearts and those with tetralogy of fallot. Furthermore, this angle showed the same range of values for partial and complete canal defects, and did not correlate with patient age or ratio of pulmonary to aortic valve caliber. We conclude that the pathogenesis of the spectrum of outflow tract developmental arrests is different from that of atrioventricular canal malformations.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = embryo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
24/29. Four-vessel umbilical cord associated with multiple congenital anomalies.A case is described in which it was found at autopsy that the umbilical cord of a macerated stillborn infant had four patent vessels (two arteries and two veins) throughout its length. This was due to a rare persistence of the caudal portion of the right umbilical vein. The infant had multiple congenital anomalies including complete thoracic ectopia cordis, a symmetrical bifid liver, severe bilateral cleft lip and palate with absent soft palate and uvula , and cecum mobile. The autopsy findings are detailed and the relevant literature and embryology briefly discussed.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = embryo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
25/29. candida glabrata chorioamnionitis following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.candida glabrata is a yeast which is considered to be a commensal of the vagina with limited pathogenicity in the immunocompetent host. We report 2 cases of severe chorioamnionitis occurring in pregnancies achieved by in vitro fertilization techniques which resulted in preterm delivery and pregnancy loss. candida glabrata as the causative agent was probably introduced into the uterus by the cannula at the time of embryo transfer. It is recommended that appropriate investigation of the microbial flora of the cervix be undertaken and treatment instituted prior to embryo transfer in order to prevent this complication.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 6keywords = embryo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
26/29. Intrauterine candidiasis in a twin pregnancy after myomectomy, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.A IVF twin pregnancy in a patient who had previously undergone a myomectomy ended in a intrauterine infection, placental abruption and fetal losses at 21 weeks. Intrauterine candidiasis may have played a role in the pathogenesis of the unsuccessful outcome.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 4keywords = embryo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
27/29. Bilateral pleural effusion in the first trimester: a predictor of chromosomal abnormality and embryonic death?We describe two cases of Turner's syndrome with transient bilateral pleural effusion demonstrated by transvaginal ultrasonography in the first trimester. Our cases suggest the necessity for close follow-up examination and possibly genetic counseling when pleural effusion is encountered during the first trimester.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 4keywords = embryo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
28/29. Splenogonadal fusion with limb deficiency and micrognathia.Splenogonadal fusion (SGF) is a rare abnormality with two known types. In the continuous type, the spleen is connected to the gonad, and there are often limb defects, micrognathia, or other congenital malformations such as ventricular septal defect, anal atresia, microgastria, spina bifida, craniosynostosis, thoracopagus, diaphragmatic hernia, hypoplastic lung and abnormal lung fissures, polymicrogyria, deficient coccyx, and bifid spine C6-T3. The discontinuous type is usually not associated with congenital defects, and the gonad that fused with an accessory spleen has no connection with the native spleen. The etiology of SGF is not known. Conceivably, a teratogenic insult occurring between 5 weeks' and 8 weeks' gestation could interfere with the normal development of the spleen, gonads, and limb buds. We describe a case of splenogonadal fusion in a stillborn black boy with associated micrognathia and limb deformities. Also, we review the possible teratogenic etiologies and embryonic basis of SGF.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = embryo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
29/29. First trimester pregnancy loss associated with varicella zoster virus infection: histological definition of a case.Pathological demonstration of varicella infection in first trimester aborted tissue is reported. A 24-year-old primigravida manifested chickenpox infection about 38 days after her last menstrual period or at 24 days age of the embryo. The conceptus survived another 4 to 5 weeks. The macerated embryo and placental tissue revealed nuclear changes consistent with varicella infection. Immunohistochemical stains and electron microscopy were confirmatory.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = embryo (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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