1/35. Survey of rabies preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis among missionary personnel stationed outside the united states.BACKGROUND: Of the 36 cases of human rabies that have occurred in the united states since 1980, 12 (33%) were presumed to have been acquired abroad. In the united states, it is recommended that international travelers likely to come in contact with animals in canine rabies-enzootic areas that lack immediate access to appropriate medical care, including vaccine and rabies immune globulin, should be considered for preexposure prophylaxis. In 1992, the death of an American missionary who had contracted rabies while stationed in bangladesh highlighted this high-risk group. methods: To assess their knowledge of rabies risk, rabies exposures, and compliance with preventive recommendations, we asked 695 missionaries and their family members to complete questionnaires about their time stationed abroad. RESULTS: Of the 293 respondents stationed in countries where rabies is endemic, 37% reported prior knowledge of the presence of rabies in their country of service. Only 28% of the personnel stationed in rabies-endemic countries received preexposure prophylaxis. Having preexposure prophylaxis specifically recommended increased the likelihood of actually receiving it (O.R. 15.6, 95%CI 7.4 - 34.9). There were 38 reported exposures (dogs = 66%, another human = 20%), proven or presumed to be rabid. Three of the people exposed received rabies immune globulin and vaccine; 11 received vaccine alone; 8 received only basic first aid, and 16 received no treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Although American missionaries stationed abroad are at an increased risk for exposure to rabies, compliance with established preventive measures was low. Prior to being stationed abroad, an educational rabies-prevention briefing, including encouragement to receive preexposure prophylaxis, could be an effective intervention for missionaries to decrease their risk of rabies.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = dog (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/35. Rabies control in japan.In 1957 japan succeeded in eradicating rabies, which had been endemic since the 18th century, due to the registration and confinement of family dogs, the elimination of stray dogs, and the compulsory vaccination of dogs. At present, however, vaccination coverage of family dogs is far lower than the required level of 70%. The facilities that are presently able to investigate rabies are limited in number. In addition, few medical institutions keep rabies vaccine in stock or offer postexposure vaccination to travelers bitten by animals in rabies endemic areas. Moreover, rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) cannot be given to such individuals because RIG is not produced at present in japan, nor is it authorized to be imported. To keep japan free from any rabies deaths, an improvement in vaccination coverage among dogs and in the supply of postexposure prophylaxis is required, and the establishment of a rabies surveillance system is also considered to be essential.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 5keywords = dog (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/35. Boerhaave's syndrome (ruptured oesophagus) in a case of rabies.A 46-year-old Caucasian man was admitted with a history of dog-bite in a foreign country six months previously. He presented with multisystem complaints, died suddenly soon after admission and the only significant finding at post-mortem was a ruptured oesophagus. Immunological tests confirmed rabies.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = dog (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/35. Rabies surveillance in the united states during 2000.During 2000, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,364 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 5 cases in human beings to the Centers for disease Control and Prevention, an increase of 4.3% from 7,067 cases in nonhuman animals reported in 1999. Ninety-three percent (6,855 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.9% (509 cases) were in domestic species (compared wth 91.5% in wild animals and 8.5% in domestic species in 1999). Compared with cases reported in 1999, the number of cases reported in 2000 increased among bats, dogs, foxes, skunks, and sheep/goats and decreased among cats, cattle, horses/mules, raccoons, and swine. The relative contributions of the major groups of animals were as follows: raccoons (37.7%; 2,778 cases), skunks (30.2%; 2,223), bats (16.8%; 1,240), foxes (6.2%; 453), cats (3.4%; 249), dogs (1.6%; 114), and cattle (1.1%; 83). Ten of the 19 states where the raccoon-associated variant of the rabies virus has been enzootic reported increases in the numbers of cases of rabies during 2000. Among those states that have engaged in extensive wildlife rabies control programs, no cases of rabies associated with the epizootic of rabies in raccoons (or in any other terrestrial species) were reported in ohio, compared with 6 cases reported in 1999. No rabies cases associated with the dog/coyote variant (compared with 10 cases in 1999, including 5 in dogs) were reported in texas, and cases associated with the gray fox variant of the virus decreased (58 cases in 2000, including 38 among foxes). Reports of rabid skunks exceeded those of rabid raccoons in massachusetts and rhode island, states with enzootic raccoon rabies, for the fourth consecutive year. Nationally, the number of rabies cases in skunks increased by 7.1% from that reported in 1999. The greatest numerical increase in rabid skunks (550 cases in 2000, compared with 192 in 1999) was reported in texas. The number of cases of rabies reported in bats (1,240) during 2000 increased 25.4% over the number reported during 1999 (989) and represented the greatest contribution (16.8% of the total number of rabid animals) ever recorded for this group of mammals. Cases of rabies reported in cattle (83) and cats (249) decreased by 38.5% and 10.4%, respectively, whereas cases in dogs (114) increased by 2.7% over those reported in 1999. Reported cases of rabies among horses and mules declined 20% from 65 cases in 1999 to 52 cases in 2000. Four indigenously acquired cases of rabies reported in human beings were caused by variants of the rabies virus associated with bats. One case of human rabies acquired outside the united states that resulted from a dog bite was caused by the canine variant of the rabies virus.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 6keywords = dog (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/35. Clinical case of rabies in bulgaria.The history of a six-year-old girl, hospitalised in the Clinic of Infectious Diseases of the Medical University of Varna with diagnosed meningoencephalitis, obs. rabies, and epidemiological data of dog bite without adequate prophylaxis is presented. The clinical course was unusual: the symptoms of aero- and hydrophobia were not clearly demonstrated, choreic hyperkynesias, torsion seizures and high initial pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid were present. The pathological picture is described. Ethiological diagnosis was proven by immunofluorescence test of brain tissue.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = dog (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/35. Bite by a dog under provocation: is it free from risk?There is a common belief that rabid dogs bite without provocation, hence a dog bite under provocation is free from the risk of rabies. This is not always true as is evident from the case report narrated below. Here in this article, a man of 38 years was bitten by a dog under provocation. He developed rabies 4 months after the bite and subsequently died. autopsy revealed Negri bodies from the brain tissue.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 7keywords = dog (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/35. Rabies in a Thai child treated with the eight-site post-exposure regimen without rabies immune globulin.We report the case of a 7-year-old Thai girl that was bitten by a dog. She received prompt wound care followed by eight-site intradermal post-exposure rabies schedule using purified chick embryo vaccine. Treatment followed WHO recommendations for desperate situations where no rabies immune globulin (RIG) is available. The patient died 15 days later with classical symptoms and signs of encephalitic rabies.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = dog (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/35. Rabies encephalitis following fox bite--histological and immunohistochemical evaluation of lesions caused by virus.Rabies caused by fox bite is uncommon, most cases being caused by bite of rabid dogs (95%). We report a 45-year-old lady with rabies encephalomyelitis caused by bite of a rabid wild fox (Vulpes vulpes), a species prevalent in the Deccan plateaus of Central india. Though foxes are known to be susceptible to rabies, literature on the pathological changes caused by fox bite rabies in humans is scarce. Unlike the mild histological alterations described in canine rabies, a florid encephalitic process evolved in fox bite rabies, in our case, with intense microglial reaction, neuronophagia and perivascular inflammatory infiltrates despite clinical manifestation as a paralytic rabies. Immunostaining using polyclonal antibodies to the rabies viral nucleocapsid antigen and to the whole virion demonstrated high viral load within neurons with extensive spread along dendritic arborization and axonal tracts. Genomic sequence analysis demonstrated close homology with canine virus strain with only minor variations.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = dog (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/35. travel-associated rabies in Austrian man.Rabies developed in an Austrian man after he was bitten by a dog in Agadir, morocco. diagnosis was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The patient's girlfriend was bitten by the same dog, but she did not become ill.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = dog (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/35. Human rabies--florida, 2004.Rabies is a viral infection of the central nervous system, usually contracted from the bite of an infected animal, and nearly always fatal without postexposure prophylaxis. In February 2004, a man aged 41 years died after a 4-day hospitalization in Broward County, florida. A diagnosis of rabies was considered on the day before the patient's death; however, no antemortem samples were obtained for testing. In March 2004, postmortem samples of fixed brain material were sent to CDC, where laboratory testing confirmed a diagnosis of rabies, the 47th case of human rabies reported in the united states since 1990 (CDC, unpublished data, 2005). This report summarizes results of the subsequent investigation led by the Broward County health Department and laboratory testing at CDC, which determined that the rabies virus was a canine variant present in haiti, where the man had traveled and reportedly been bitten by a dog. Rabies should be considered in persons after a dog bite, especially if the bite occurs in a country where canine rabies is enzootic.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = dog (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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