1/11. Thermal cautery as a treatment for conjunctival inclusion cyst after strabismus surgery.Conjunctival cysts may be congenital or acquired. A common cause of acquired conjunctival inclusion cysts is the implantation of conjunctival epithelium after surgery or trauma. These cysts often form at the site of muscle reattachment after strabismus surgery. They may disappear spontaneously, but persistent cases often require surgical excision. We report a new technique using cauterization under slit-lamp visualization to treat conjunctival inclusion cysts that can form after strabismus surgery. This procedure is fast, effective, and well tolerated by patients.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = fast (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/11. Two types of foveation strategy in 'latent' nystagmus: fixation, visual acuity and stability.The authors studied the foveation dynamics of two individuals with latent/manifest latent nystagmus (LMLN) to test the hypothesis that oscillopsia suppression and good visual acuity require periods of accurate target foveation at low slip velocities. Congenital nystagmus (CN) waveforms contain post-saccadic foveation periods; the LMLN waveform does not and yet allows for both oscillopsia suppression and good acuity. During fixation with both eyes open, there were intervals when the eyes were still and correctly aligned; at other times, there was esotropia and nystagmus with slow-phase velocities less than /- 4 deg/sec and each fast phase pointed the fovea of the fixating eye at the target. However, cover of either eye produced LN and a different strategy was employed: the fast phases carried the fixating eye past the target and the fovea subsequently reacquired it during the slowest parts of the slow phases. The authors confirmed this in both subjects, whose high acuities were made possible by foveation occuring during the low-velocity portions of their slow phases. A nystagmus foveation function (NFF), originally developed for CN, was calculated for both LN and MLN intervals of fixation and it was found to track visual acuity less accurately for individuals with high acuity. Individuals with LMLN exhibit two different foveation strategies: during low-amplitude LMLN, the target is foveated immediately after the fast phases; and during high-amplitude LMLN, target foveation occurs towards the end of the slow phases. Therefore, the saccadic system can be used to create retinal error rather than eliminate it if this strategy is beneficial. Individuals with LMLN foveated targets with the same eye-position and -velocity accuracy as those with CN and the NFF provides a rough estimate of acuity in both. Current calibration methods for both infrared and search-coil techniques need to be altered for subjects with LMLN.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 3keywords = fast (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/11. Electronically measured compliance with occlusion therapy for amblyopia is related to visual acuity increase.PURPOSE: We set out to determine whether the children who have low compliance (measured electronically) with occlusion therapy for amblyopia are those with insufficient increase of visual acuity. methods: In 14 newly identified amblyopic children (mean age 4.3 /-1.9 years), compliance was measured electronically over a period of 1 week, 6 months after the start of occlusion therapy. compliance was measured with an Occlusion Dose Monitor (ODM). The measurements took place during planned domiciliary visits. The children were diagnosed with anisometropia (n=5), strabismus (n=4) and anisometropia and strabismus (n=5). compliance was expressed in percentages of the electronically registered time compared with the prescribed occlusion time. Satisfactory acuity increase following 6 months of occlusion therapy was defined on reaching any of the following criteria: acuity increase expressed as a ratio between acuity of the amblyopic eye and acuity of the good eye of more than 0.75, acuity of the amblyopic eye exceeding 0.5 as measured on the E-Chart or Landolt-C, or three LogMAR lines of increase in acuity. RESULTS: Measured compliance averaged 80% in the eight children who had a satisfactory acuity increase and 34% in the six children who had an unsatisfactory visual acuity increase. Children with low acuity increase had statistically significantly lower compliance (P=0.038). CONCLUSION: The general assumption among orthoptists, that compliance with occlusion therapy for amblyopia is low in children with insufficient acuity increase, has been validated by electronic, objective means.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.42575747696591keywords = electron (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/11. Spectral analysis of electromyograms for extraocular muscles in normal and ophthalmoplegia cases.Quantitative analysis of electromyograms (EMGs) of the extraocular muscles (EOMs), which contain fast fibers, like all skeletal muscles, but also slow fibers, was carried out in healthy subjects and a patient with external ophthalmoplegia. Interference EMGs of normal extraocular muscles demonstrated a relatively higher power spectrum in the higher frequency domain than those of the biceps brachii (BB). In the case of ophthalmoplegia, the lateral rectus (LR) and medial rectus (MR) muscles demonstrated a power spectrum with a wide ranging distribution up to 2,000 Hz in the early stage of recovery. Conservative treatment led to an improvement in the patient's ocular motility accompanied by a gradual shift of the spectrum towards lower frequencies within 265 days, during which time EMG examinations were performed four times. The results imply that the electrical activity of the slow fibers proper in the extraocular muscles affects the high frequency domain of the power spectrum and that the those fibers synchronously improve with fast fibers.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = fast (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/11. Crystalline dystrophy of the cornea: a light and electron microscopic study.We examined biopsy material from a case of stromal crystalline dystrophy of the cornea by light and electron microscopy. frozen sections were positive for neutral fat and negative for cholesterol. Electron microscopy showed that the empty spaces at the site of the crystals did not have typical crystalline profiles. We concluded that in our case the crystals were composed of neutral fat.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.53219684620739keywords = electron (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/11. mobius syndrome. Electron microscopic study of the extraocular muscles.The medial rectus, external rectus and inferior oblique muscles were examined by electron microscopy in mobius syndrome. The electron microscopic findings of the medial rectus and inferior oblique were of degenerative and inflammatory nature, whereas the lateral rectus showed complete fibrosis. The fibrotic lateral rectus could explain the absence of abduction in mobius syndrome.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.21287873848295keywords = electron (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/11. visual acuity of infants with ocular diseases.We tested the visual acuities of 110 infants with ocular disorders by a preferential-looking technique that provides fast, accurate measurements for preverbal children. The results were used to confirm initial clinical evaluations and to prescribe and monitor treatment. The test was particularly helpful in assessing the effects of occlusion therapy. The child sat on a parent's lap 50 cm away from a black partition containing two circular screens. A grating was projected on one screen and a homogeneous field was projected on the other. A hidden observer watched the infant's eye and head movements to determine which screen was preferred.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = fast (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/11. Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles.Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles is characterized by the replacement of normal contractile muscle tissue by fibrous tissue or fibrous bands in varying degrees. The clinical entities which result from the fibrous replacement can be classified under the following headings: general fibrosis syndrome, congenital fibrosis of the inferior rectus muscle with blepharoptosis strabismus fixus, vertical retraction syndrome and congenital unilateral fibrosis, enophthalmos, and blepharoptosis. Genetic factors may or may not be apparent. One pedigree with general fibrosis syndrome was traced through five generations. light and electron microscopy demonstrated replacement of normal muscles by collagen and dense fibrous tissue with occasional areas of degenerated skeletal muscle. The surgical management attempts to achieve some functional readjustment of the ocular and lid position as well as the abnormal head posture. The surgical results were considered satisfactory when compared with the original position of the eyes and the backward head tilt.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.10643936924148keywords = electron (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/11. A case of unilateral congenitally enlarged extraocular muscles.BACKGROUND: Enlargement of extraocular muscles is an uncommon finding in children. Little has been written in the literature about possible causes. methods: The authors present the clinical findings of a young girl who had unilateral congenitally enlarged extraocular muscles at 8 months of age. She underwent computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, systemic assessment, and extraocular muscle biopsy to determine a cause for the enlarged muscles. RESULTS: The patient had a unilateral left esotropia and hypotropia at birth that was nonprogressive. High-resolution CT and MRI scans showed enlargement of the left inferior rectus, lateral rectus, and medial rectus muscles. strabismus surgery undertaken at 2 years of age showed that the affected muscles were restricted on forced duction testing but were macroscopically normal in appearance. A biopsy specimen of the left lateral rectus muscle was processed for histologic, histochemical, and electron microscopic studies, but no abnormal pathologic findings were found. CONCLUSION: This patient's constellation of findings appears to be unique: it does not follow any previously reported pattern of disorders of extraocular muscle enlargement.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.10643936924148keywords = electron (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/11. Intermittent diplopia and strabismus caused by ocular neuromyotonia.PURPOSE: Two cases illustrate the symptoms, signs, etiologies, and treatment of ocular neuromyotonia (ONM). methods: The histories, neuroradiologic tests, and/or biopsy revealed the etiologies of ONM in both patients. Clinical observations, videotaping, and electronic eye movement recordings documented the eye movements. RESULTS: A 72-year-old man with chronic arachnoiditis following myelography with thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) developed intermittent diplopia and a partial right third nerve palsy. Left gaze induced spasm of the right medial rectus. Right gaze produced right lateral rectus spasm. A 66-year-old woman, who had radiation treatment for a pituitary tumor and acromegaly, had intermittent spasm of the left medial rectus muscle and left esotropia. The episodes occurred spontaneously and were induced by right gaze. A left internuclear ophthalmoplegia was also found. carbamazepine (Tegretol) abolished the ONM in both patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although ONM is an unusual cause of intermittent diplopia and strabismus, its distinctive clinical features identify it. Injury to the peripheral cranial nerves probably leads to segmental demyelination, axonal hyperexcitability, and a self-perpetuating, reverberating circuit, which causes spasms of the extraocular muscles.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.10643936924148keywords = electron (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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